What causes overactive bladder?

The main causes of hyperactive bladder include the combined effects of genetic factors, environmental factors, physiological factors and certain pathological conditions. It manifests as frequent urination and urgency, which often affects the quality of life.

Genetic factors play a role in hyperactive bladder, and some patients may have a family history of the disease, suggesting that genetic changes in chromosomes or neural regulation functions may be the cause. Environmental factors such as long-term stress or tension can stimulate excessive excitement of the sympathetic nervous system and increase bladder sensitivity. Among physiological factors, aging is a common factor, especially in the elderly. The decline in the neural control function of the bladder detrusor muscle may lead to abnormal contractions. Obesity or dietary stimulation (such as excessive caffeine, alcohol) may also induce symptoms. Pathological factors include pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, prostate hyperplasia, urinary tract infection or diabetic neuropathy. Different causes may occur alone or in combination, causing bladder nerve and muscle activity disorders.

Relief or treatment can be achieved through lifestyle adjustments, medication, and surgical intervention. Control your diet, avoid foods containing caffeine, high salt, and spicy foods, quit smoking and drinking; insist on bladder training and pelvic floor muscle exercises, such as Kegel exercises, to strengthen bladder function. Drug treatment commonly uses anticholinergic drugs such as tolterodine, oxybutynin, or the β3 receptor agonist mirabegron to control symptoms. In severe cases, local injection of botulinum toxin or bladder enlargement surgery can be considered, but professional doctor evaluation and advice are required.

If symptoms are obvious or continue to worsen, you should seek medical attention promptly and have an appropriate specialist conduct further examination to determine the cause and develop a personalized treatment plan.